Aix-Marseille University ( AMU ; French : Aix-Marseille University ; Formally incorporated as Aix-Marseille University ) [5] is a public research university Located in Provence , southern France . It was founded in 1409 when Louis II of Anjou , Count of Provence , petitioned the Pisan Antipope Alexander V to create the University of Provence . [6] The university as it is today was formed by the merger of the University of Provence, theUniversity of the Mediterranean and Paul Cezanne University . [7] [8] [9] The merger became effective on January 1, 2012, resulting in the creation of the largest university in the French-speaking world , with about 70,000 students. [10] [11] AMU has the largest budget of any academic institution in the Francophone world , standing at € 750 million. [12]
The university is organized around five main campuses located in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille . [13] Apart from its major campuses, AMU owns and operates facilities in Arles , Aubagne , Avignon , Digne-les-Bains , Gap , La Ciotat , Lambesc and Salon-de-Provence . The university is headquartered at the Pharo, Marseille. [14]
AMU has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, politics, business, economics and literature. To date, there have been four Nobel Prize laureates among its alumni and faculty, [15] [16] [17] [ 17] [18] and two recipients of the Pulitzer Prize , [19] Four César Award Winners, [ 19] 20] [21] [22] [23] several heads of state or government , parliamentary speakers , government ministers , ambassadors and members of the constituting academies of the Institut de France.
AMU has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including close collaboration with the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission (CEA). [24] AMU is a member of numerous academic organizations including the European University Association (EUA) [25] and the Mediterranean Universities Union (UNIMED). [26]
History
Early history (1409-1800)
The institution developed out of the original University of Provence, founded on 9 December 1409 as a , the letters patent for the university were granted, and the government of the university was created. The Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence Thomas de Puppio was appointed as the first chancellor of the university for the rest of his life. After his death in 1420, a new chancellor was elected by the rector, masters, and licentiates – an uncommon arrangement not repeated at any other French university. The rector had to be an ordinary student, who had unrestricted civil and criminal jurisdiction in all cases where one party was a doctor or scholar of the university. Those displeased with the rector’s decisions Could appeal to a doctor legensStudium generale by Louis II of Anjou, Count of Provence, and recognized by Papal Bull issued by the Pisan Antipope Alexander V.[27][28][29] However, there is evidence that teaching in Aix existed in some form from the beginning of the 12th century, since there were a doctor of theology in 1100, a doctor of law in 1200 and a professor of law in 1320 on the books.[30] The decision to establish the university was, in part, a response to the already-thriving University of Paris.[31] As a result, in order to be sure of the viability of the new institution, Louis II compelled his Provençal students to study in Aix only.[32]. Eleven consiliarii provided assistance to the rector, being elected yearly by their predecessors. These individuals represent all faculties, but were elected from among the students. The constitution was of a student-university, and the instructors did not have great authority except in granting degrees. [33] Mention should be made that a resident doctor or student who is required to pay charivarito the university, the amount varying with the degree or status of the man, and being increased if the flange was a widow. Refusal to submit to this article is an article on the topic of assembly with the students of the past, couples, and couples. Continued recusancy was followed by the piling up of dirt in front of every day Feast-day . These injunctions were justified on the ground that the money was devolved to divine service. [34]
In 1486 Provence passed to the French crown . [35] [36] The university’s continued existence was approved by Louis XII of France , and Aix-en-Provence continued to be a major provincial center. It was, for instance, the seat of the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence from 1501 to 1789, [37] [38] no doubt aided by the presence of the law school. [33]
In 1603 Henry IV of France established the Royal College of Bourbon in Aix-en-Provence for the study of belles-lettres and philosophy, [39] [40] supplementing the traditional faculties of the university, but not formally a part of it. This full-time college has become a significant seat of learning, under the control of the Jesuitorder. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the college is a preparatory, but unaffiliated, school for the university. Only the university has been granted to degrees in theology, law, and medicine; but candidates for degrees had first to pass an examination in philosophy, which was only provided by the college. Universities in the United States of America, United States of America. In 1762 the Jesuits were forced to leave France, [41] and in 1763 the Royal College of Bourbon was officially affiliated with the university as a faculty of arts. [33] [42]
The addition of the Royal College of Bourbon is essentially widened the scope of the courses provided at the University of Provence. Formal instruction in English with a structured course of study. Subsequently, physics became part of the curriculum at the college as a part of the philosophy race in the 18th century. Equipment for carrying out experiments Was Obtained and the first course in experimental physics Was Provided at Aix-en-Provence in 1741. Classical mechanics , nevertheless, Was Merely taught after-1755, When the physicist Paulian offert His First class and Isaac Newton ‘s Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematicaand comments are obtained for the library. [33]
The French Revolution , with its focus on the individual and an end to inherited privilege, saw the suppression of the universities. To the revolutionaries, built-in bastions of corporatism and established interests. Moreover, lands owned by the universities and for their support, represented a source of wealth by the revolutionary government, just as possessed by the Church had been confiscated. In 1792, the University of Provence, along with twenty-one other universities, was dissolved. [43]Specialized schools, with rigorous entrance examinations and open to anyone with talent, were eventually created in order to offer professional training in specialized areas. Nonetheless, the government found it necessary to allow the faculties of law and medicine to continue in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille in the early 19th century. [33] [44]
Modern era (1800-1968)
During the 19th century, additional faculties were created in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille to serve the changing needs of French society. For instance, Hippolyte Fortoul , later Minister of National Education and Public Worship of France , was the first dean and professor of a new faculty in French literature established in Aix-en-Provence in the 1840s. [45] [46] In 1896, the Departmental Council of the Bouches-du-Rhône founded a chair in the faculty of letters at Aix-en-Provence in the language and literature of Southern Europe; Their aim was to assist the commercial exploitation of the region by French business. A new science faculty was created in Marseille to support the growing industrialization of the region. At about the same time, a special training program was created in the faculty of medicine in order to train doctors in colonial medicine for France’s expanding colonial empire. [33]
The most significant development for the university in the 19th century, however, was the recreation of French universities in 1896. [47] Facing acute competition from prestigious German universities following the Franco-Prussian War, French legislators were anxious to have their own universities. In 1896 was created by the state. [48] The various faculties in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille were grouped in the new University of Aix-Marseille. [49]
Through two world wars and a depression, the University of Aix-Marseille continues to develop. Increasing numbers of women and foreign students joined the student body, and an overwhelming majority of students majored in science, medicine, and law. Individual faculties are almost always autonomous from the administration of the Ministry of Education. [33]
Recent history (1968-present)
Following riots among university students in May 1968 , [50] a reform of French education occurred. The Orientation Act (Orientation Law of Education Superior) of 1968 divided the old Faculties into smaller subject departments, Decreased the power of the Ministry of Education, and created smaller universities, with Strengthened administrations. [51] Subsequently, the University of Aix-Marseille was divided into two institutions. Each university has had different areas of concentration and
- University of Aix-Marseille I : law , political science , history , psychology , sociology , ethnology , philosophy , mathematics , physics , chemistry , natural sciences , languages , literature and civilization
- University of Aix-Marseille II : economic science , geography , technology , medicine , pharmacy , dental surgery , topical medicine , physical education and ocean science [52]
In 1973, conservative faculty members by Charles Debbasch , asked for and obtained the creation of the University of Aix-Marseille III , grouping law, political science, applied economics , earth science , ecology and technical studies.
Nearly 40 years later, in June 2007, the three universities of Aix-Marseille expressed their intention to merge in order to form one university. The merger has been prepared for the time being, and is subject to discussion at each stage, after which it has been approved by the Board of Directors of each university. Thus, Aix-Marseille University was established by decree No. 2011-1010 of 24 August 2011 and officially opened its doors on 1 January 2012. [53]
Academic profile
Aix-Marseille University enrolls almost 71,000 students, including more than 10,000 international students from 128 different countries. The university, with its wide range of general and vocational courses including 600 degree courses, offers teaching in fields as varied as the Arts, Social Sciences, Health, Sports and Economics, Law and Political Sciences, Applied Economics and Management, and Exact Sciences Mathematics, Data Processing, Physical Sciences, Astrophysical Sciences, Chemistry and Biology. [54] Its 132 recognized research units and 21 faculties make it a center of international excellence in social and natural sciences. [55]With more than 500 international agreements, the university participates in the creation of European area of education and research and the development of mobility. A policy in the direction of Asian countries has excellent international student enrollment. [56] Programs in English and / or French and English or French and English or French and English For Foreign Students (IEFEE)) . The IEFEE was founded in 1953 and is considered to be one of the best French-language teaching centers in the country. [57] [58]About a thousand students from 65 countries waits the institute throughout the academic year. The institute is also a notable center for teachers of French as a foreign language, and its function is to provide training and perfecting of linguistic abilities in English as a scientific and cultural means of communication. Furthermore, the university is “one of the most distinguished in France, second only to the University of Paris in the areas of French literature , history, and linguistics,” according to Harvard University’s website. [59] [60] [61]
The university’s library system comprises 59 libraries, with 662,000 volumes, 20,000 online periodical titles, and thousands of digital resources, making it one of the largest and most diverse academic library systems in France. The overall area occupied by the libraries is equal to 37,056 m², including 19,703 m² public access space. The libraries offer 49.2 kilometers of open-stacks shelving and 4,219 seats for student study. In addition, there are 487 computer workstations, which are available to the public for research purposes.[62]
Political Science[edit]
The university’s Institute of Political Studies (Institut d’études politiques d’Aix-en-Provence), also known as Sciences Po Aix, was established in 1956.[63] The institute is housed in the Palais de l’université, a monument historique designed by architect Georges Vallon in 1734.[64] It is one of a network of 10 world-famous IEPs (Instituts d’Etudes Politiques) in France, including those in Bordeaux, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Paris, Rennes, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Strasbourg and Toulouse.[65][66] Sciences Po Aix is a Grande école in political science and its primary aim is to train senior executives for the public, semi-public, and private sectors.[67][68] Although the institute offers a multitude of disciplines, its main focus is on politics, including related subjects such as history, law, economics, languages, international relations, and media studies. Its admissions process is among the toughest and most selective in the country. Sciences Po Aix has numerous exchange programs through partnerships with about 120 different universities in the world: the school therefore welcomes 200 foreign students a year. On top of these academic exchanges, students have the opportunity to do internships abroad in large international firms.[69]
Many of the institute’s graduates have gone on to high positions within both the French government and in foreign governments. Among the best-known people who studied at Sciences Po Aix are the current Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde,[70][71] the current High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice President of the European Commission, Federica Mogherini,[72] the 5th President of Sri Lanka, Chandrika Kumaratunga,[73][74] The current Minister of Labor, Employment and Immigration of Luxembourg , Nicolas Schmit , [75] to form Minister of Justice of France ,Elizabeth Guigou , [76] to form Presidents of the National Assembly of France , Philippe Séguin [77] and Patrick Ollier . [78]
Law
The law school at AMU dates back to the university’s foundation in 1409. [79] The school had far-reaching influence, since written law, which in France originated in Aix-en-Provence, spread from there, eventually replacing the common law practiced throughout the rest of Northern Gaul . [80] The law school has a long tradition of self-management, with a strong institutionalized culture and practice in the social and economic realities of the region.[81] Today, it is one of the largest law schools in France, and is considered to be one of the nation’s leading centres for legal research and teaching. The school is unique among French law schools for the breadth of courses offered and the extent of research undertaken in a wide range of fields.[82] For 2016/17, the law school is ranked 2nd nationally for its undergraduate studies by Eduniversal.[83]Other than Panthéon-Assas University, the school “has attracted the most prestigious law faculty in France”, according to the University of Connecticut’s website.[84]The teaching faculty included 155 professors and 172 adjunct lecturers, the latter drawn from private practice, the civil service, the judiciary and other organizations. Much of the legal research is done under the auspices of its many research institutes – there is one in almost every field of law. Research activity is buttressed by a network of libraries, which holds an impressive collection of monographs and periodicals, including an important collection of 16th-century manuscripts. Moreover, the libraries have several specialized rooms dedicated to specific fields of law, in particular in International and European Law and Legal Theory . [85]
The school HAS Produced a wide number of luminaries in law and politics Including the 2nd President of France , Adolphe Thiers , [86] form President of the National Assembly of France , Félix Gouin , [87] form Minister of Justice of France , Adolphe Crémieux , [88] and Prime Minister of France , Édouard Balladur . [89] [90]The school educated HAS aussi two Nobel laureates : René Cassin , winner of the 1968 Nobel Peace Prize , [91]and Frédéric Mistral , winner of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature . [92] Alumni aussi include the 3rd President of Lebanon , Émile Eddé , [93] [94] train Minister of Bulgaria Prime , Vasil Kolarov , [95] form Prime Minister of Angola , Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dunem , [96 ] and train Prime Minister of Cambodia , Prince Norodom Ranariddh . [97] In addition, from 1858 to 1861, compliant with his father’s wishes, a prominent French artist andPost-Impressionist Paul Cézanne painter attended the school, while also receiving drawing lessons. [98] [99]
Business and Management Studies
The Aix-Marseille Graduate School of Management, also known as IAE Aix-en-Provence , was the first Graduate School of Management in the French public university system. [100] [101] IAE Aix is ”a prestigious, double-accredited institution, with an international approach to business both” and “innovative teaching methods”, according to The Independent . [102] The European Standard of Excellence EQUIS in 1999, and the AMBA Accreditation in 2004 for its MBAChange & Innovation, in 2005 for its Master’s programs and in 2007 for its Executive Part-time MBA. [103] The school is composed of 40 faculty members and more than 30 international professors and 150 business speakers each year to conduct readings and courses within the various programs. [104] IAE offers graduate level programs in general management , international management, internal audit of organizations, service management , internal and external communications management , management and information technologies , international financial management and applied marketing. In 2011, theM.Sc. in General Management was ranked 2nd in France along with the M.Sc. in Services Management and Marketing being ranked 3rd and the M.Sc. in Audit and Corporate Governance also ranked 3rd in the country by SMBG . [105]
In 1990 IAE Aix and ESSEC Business School (ESSEC Business School) signed an agreement to unite and offer joined Doctorate Program, Allowing ESSEC professors to teach in the Research Oriented Master program in Aix-en-Provence. Furthermore, after-Research Oriented Master graduation, students can expect the ESSEC Doctorate seminars and year-have ESSEC Research Advisor (Research Director) . In the same way, ESSEC students can enroll in the IAE Aix’s Research Oriented Master and Doctorate programs. In both cases, the members of the thesis juries come from both IAE Aix and ESSEC. The Doctorate is awarded by Aix-Marseille University. [106] [107] [108]
Economics
Aix-Marseille School of Economics (AMSE) is a gathering of three large laboratories in economics, part of AMU: GREQAM (Research Group in Quantitative Economics of Aix Marseille) , SESSTIM (Economics & Social Sciences of Health & Treatment) ‘Information Médicale) , and IDEP (Institute of Public Economics) . [109] GREQAM is a research center which specializes in all areas of economics, with strong concentrations in macroeconomics, econometrics, game theory, economic philosophy and public economics. It counts two Fellows of the Econometric Society among its members, and is one of the top five research centers in France. [110]SESSTIM consists of three teams in social and economic sciences, which is focused on the following fields: cancer, infectious and transmissible diseases, and aging. [111] IDEP aims at federating skills in the field of public economics and the role of economics in the field of economics. [112]
AMSE has a global focus on “Globalization and public action,” with a focus on education, management, and government. The AMSE Master is a two-year Master program in Economics jointly organized with Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales and Ecole Centrale de Marseille . AMSE: Development Economics, Econometrics, Public Economics, Environmental Economics, Finance / Insurance, Macroeconomics, Economic Philosophy, and Health Economics. [113]The doctoral program of AMSE brings together more than seventy PhD students. Ten to fifteen new PhD students join the program each year. These PhD students cover the research topics available at AMSE. The PhD program is a member of the European Doctoral Group in Economics (EDGE) with the University of Cambridge , University of Copenhagen , University College Dublin , Bocconi University , and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich . [114] [115]
Medicine
The Faculty of Medicine at AMU can trace its origins to a college of medicine established in 1645 and recognized by the Council of State of France in 1683. During the revolution, a faculty of medicine was created in Montpellier , Marseille was left aside, probably because of its close proximity. In 1818, Secondary School of Medicine and Pharmacy opened in Marseille and this later became a School of Full Exercise in 1841. Consequently, it was not until 1930 that a faculty of medicine was formally organized in Marseille. [116] [117]However, the town’s geographical position meant that it was able to exert a strong influence on the Mediterranean. The most significant example of this was Antoine Clot , known as Clot Bey, who with the help of Muhammad Ali of Egypt , founded a school of medicine in Cairo in 1827. This enabled Egyptian students to travel to France medicine. In Marseille, medical practices adapted to tropical diseases under the influence of the military department of medicine. Physiology at the faculty dates back to Charles Livon, Who Was named substitute teacher (deputy professor) And Then Associate ProfessorAssociate professor of anatomy and physiology having presented his thesis in Paris. He conducted research on hypophysis and pneumogastric physiology, which earned him the Monthyon Prize at the French Academy of Sciences . Following his work with Louis Pasteur , he opened an anti-rabies clinic and became Mayor of Marseille in 1895. The first dean of the faculty was Leon Imbert, who arrived in Marseilles in 1904 as an internal trainer of hospitals and associate professor at the Montpellier faculty. Originally a surgeon, he established one of the first centers for maxillofacial prosthetics for broken jaws(broken faces) of the Great War . An anti-cancer center was developed by Lucien Cornill, who was originally from Vichy and studied in Paris. During the First World War, he worked at the neurological center in the 7th Military region of Besancon under the supervision of Gustave Roussy . After the war, he became an associate professor of pathological anatomy . He became dean of the faculty in 1937 and held this position until 1952. His main work related to clinical neurology and medullary pathology. [118]
The Faculty of Pharmacy started its independent activity after being separated from the faculty in 1970. Subsequently, the Faculty of Odontology also became independent from the Faculty of Medicine. Thus, these three faculties form the Division of Health of the University. [119]
Earth Sciences and Astronomy
The university’s Astronomy Observatory of Marseille-Provence (OAMP) is one of the French National Observatories under the auspices of the National Institute of Astronomy (INSU) of the National Center for Scientific Research(CNRS), with a large financial participation by the National Center for Space Studies (CNES). Basic research at the OAMP is organized around three priority themes: cosmology and research on dark matter and dark energy , galaxy formation and evolution , stellar and planetary system formation and exploration of the solar system. The OAMP also contributes to the area of environmental sciencesand especially the study of the climatic system. The OAMP is very active in the field of research and development, mainly in optics and opto-mechanics, for the development of the observational instruments that will be deployed in the coming decades. For many years OAMP research teams have had close ties with the French and European space and optical industry. The OAMP takes part in university education in astrophysics, physics and mathematics, as well as in instrumentation and signal processing from the first year of university to the doctorate level. These programs lead to the fields of research and high-tech industry. The OAMP organizes many astronomy outreach activities in order to share important discoveries with the public. The OAMP consists of two establishments:Observatory of Haute-Provence (OHP), along with the Gassendi Department , which is a common administrative and technical support unit. With over 50 researchers, 160 engineers, technical and administrative staff, plus some 20 graduate students and post-docs, the OAMP is one of the most important research institutes in the region. [120] [121]
Engineering
Polytech Marseille is a School of Engineering (Graduate School of Science and Engineering), part of AMU. The School offers 8 specialist courses in New Technologies which leads to an engineering degree after 5 years of studies. Polytech Marseille is also a member of the Polytech Group which includes 13 engineering schools of French leading universities. [122]Polytech Marseille advanced racing has a strong professional focus. They include professional work placements in a professional organization. These programs also have a major role in the field of scientific research, and they are among the leaders in their field. Students are recruited on the basis of a selective admissions process that goes through one of two national competitive admissions examinations ( contests ): either after the baccalaureate (national secondary school graduation examination) for admission to a five-year race or after two years of higher education for admission to a three-year race. The races are approved by the Commission of Engineering Titles(CTI), the French authority that authorizes the recognition of engineering schools to deliver the Engineering Diploma ( AACRAO ) [123] and thus guarantees the quality of the courses. The courses are also accredited by EUR-ACE . [124]
Rankings and reputation
| University rankings | |
|---|---|
| Global | |
| ARWU World [125] | 101-150 |
| Times World [127] | 251-300 |
| QS World [126] | 411-420 |
In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), AMU is ranked ranked 101st-150th in the world. [128] In the subject of the table is attached 76th-100th in the world for Natural Sciences and Mathematics, [129] joined 151st-200th in the world for Engineering / Technology and Computer Sciences, [130] joined 101st-150th in the world for Life and Agricultural Sciences, [131]joint 151st-200th in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy, [132] 25th in the world for Mathematics, [133] and joint 101st-150th in the world for Physics. [134]
In the 2018 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , AMU is ranked 251st-300th in the world. [135] 151st-175th in the world for the Arts and Humanities. [136]
In the 2015/16 QS World Rankings University , AMU is ranked ranked 361st in the world. [137] In the subject of 151st-200th in the world for Accounting and Finance, [138] joined 101st-150th in the world for Earth and Marine Sciences, [139] joined 101st-150th in the world for Environmental Studies, [140] joined 101st-150th in the world for History and Archeology, [141] joined 151st-200th in the world for Law and Legal Studies, [142] joined 151st-200th in the world for Medicine, [143] and attached 151st-200th in the world for Psychology. [144]
In the 2016 US News & World Report Best Global University Ranking , AMU is ranked 175th in the world. [145] In the subject of the table of contents is attached 74th in the world for Biology and Biochemistry, [146] joined 166th in the world for Chemistry, [147] joined 149th in the world for Clinical Medicine, [148] joined 90th in the world for Geosciences, [149] Joint 50th in the world for Immunology, [150] Joint 35th in the world for Microbiology, [151] 98th in the world for Neuroscience and Behavior, [152] joined 95th in the world for Physics, [ 150] 153] 82nd in the world for Plant and Animal Science,[154] Joint 134th in the world for Psychiatry / Psychology, [155] and 34th in the world for Space Science. [156]
In the 2016 CWTS Leiden Ranking , AMU is ranked 137th in the world. [157]
In the 2015/16 University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), AMU is ranked 77th in the world. [158]
In the 2016 Center for World University Rankings (CWUR), AMU is ranked 151st in the world. [159]
Organization
Aix-Marseille University is organized in five sectors:
- Law and Political Science
- Faculty of Law and Political Science
- Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance
- Economics and Management
- Faculty of Economics and Management
- Journalism and Communication School of Marseille
- Aix-Marseille Graduate School of Management
- Regional Institute of Labor
- Arts, Literature, Languages and Human Sciences
- Faculty of Arts, Literature, Languages and Human Sciences
- Training Center for Musicians
- The Mediterranean House of Human Sciences ( Mediterranean House of Human Sciences )
- Health
- Faculty of Medicine
- Faculty of Odontology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Midwives’ University School Marseille Méditerranée
- Science and Technology
- Faculty of Sciences
- Faculty of Sports
- Observatory of Universe Sciences – Pytheas Institute
- Polytech Marseille
In addition, three University Institutes of Technology and the University Institute for Teachers Training are part of the university. [160]
Governance
If the president of the university is the most important actor in defining the mission and the strategies of the university, it also has the necessary power to sustain the projects that relate to these strategies. Before implementing these projects, they must be accepted by the university council and they must be included in the planning processes.
There are two main planning processes in the definition of projects in the university, which have to be followed up by the public (national and local) authorities.
The first process takes place every six years and involves the central government, the region and the university. It is dedicated to major investment projects, for a new school building, a new campus, a new library, etc. It is a catalog of projects and for each of them it defines the financial burden accepted by each partner in the contract.
The second process covers the years and has been approved by the French Ministry of Education . In this process, the university sets its objectives at the pedagogical and research levels (new degrees, research projects).
This planning process is very important because the university is free to define its own strategy, to be approved by the decision makers. Each process generates an important brainstorming period at all levels of the university in order to identify and build new ideas, new needs, and opportunities, to prioritize them, after an analysis of strengths and weaknesses. Other choices can be made after each process, but they are more difficult to achieve because of other sources of funding and other means of authorization must be found. [161]
Alumni
AMU has produced many alumni that have distinguished themselves in their respective fields. Notable AMU alumni include three Nobel Prize laureates , a two-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize , four César Award winners and numerous members of the component academies of the Institut de France . AMU: has a wide number of alumni Who-have-been active in politics, Including Several heads of state or government, parliamentary speakers, government Ministers, at least fifty members of the National Assembly of France , thirteen members of the Senate of France and five members of the European Parliament .
Notable faculty and staff
Nobel laureates
- Sheldon Lee Glashow – winner of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics
Politics and government
Foreign politicians
- Chedly Ayari – Minister of Planning of Tunisia : 1969-1970 / 1974-1975; Minister of Youth and Sports of Tunisia: Jun-Nov 1970; Minister of Education of Tunisia : 1970-1971; Minister of Economy of Tunisia: 1972-1974
- Renato Balduzzi – Minister of Health of Italy : 2011-2013 [162]
- Boudewijn Bouckaert – Belgian politician, Member of the Flemish Parliament
- Sadok Chaabane – Minister of Justice of Tunisia : 1992-1997; Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia : 1999-2004
- Tullio De Mauro – Minister of Education of Italy : 2000-2001 [163]
- Francis Delpérée – Member of Belgian Senate : 2007-2011
- Nikolaos Politis – Minister of Foreign Affairs of Greece : 1916-1920 [164]
- Kenneth F. Simpson – a one-term Republican member of the United States House of Representatives
- Michel van den Abeele – Director-General of the European Commission [165]
French politicians
- Joseph Barthélemy – Minister of Justice of France : 1941-1943 [166]
- Hippolyte Fortoul – Minister of the Navy and Colonies of France : Oct-Dec 1851; Minister of National Education of France / Minister of Public Worship of France : 1851-1856 [167]
- Hubert Haenel – French politician, member of the Constitutional Council of France
- Jean-François Mattei – Minister of Health of France : 2002-2004 [168]
- Didier Maus – Councilor of State of France : 2001-2011
- Jean-Paul Proust – Minister of State of Monaco : 2005-2010; Prefect of Police of Paris : 2001-2004
- Joseph Jerome, Count Simeon – President of the National Assembly of France : Aug-Sep 1797; Minister of National Education of France : Feb-Oct 1820; Minister of the Interior of France : 1820-1821; President of the Court of Financial Auditors of France : 1837-1839 [169]
- Jean-Jacques Weiss – Councilor of State of France : 1873-1879
Members of the National Assembly of France
- René Brunet – Deputy : 1928-1942
- Joseph Comiti – Deputy: 1968-1981
- Paul de Fougeres de Villandry – Deputy: 1837-1839
- Jean-Pierre Giran – Deputy: 1997-2002 / 2002-2007 / 2007-2012 / 2012-present
- François-Michel Lambert – Deputy: 2012-present
- Rémy Montagne – Deputy: 1958-1968 / 1973-1980
- Ambroise Mottet – Deputy: 1835-1842 / 1844-1848
- Paul Patriarche – Deputy: 1997-2002
- Camille Perreau – Deputy: 1898-1902
- Philippe Sanmarco – Deputy: 1981-1993
- Henri-Emmanuel Poulle – Deputy: 1831-1834 / 1834-1837 / 1837-1839 / 1839-1842 / 1842-1846 / 1846-1848
- Dominique Taddei – Deputy: 1978-1981 / 1981-1986
- Maurice Toga – Deputy: 1986-1988
Members of the Senate of France
- Alain Delcamp – Secretary-General: 2007-2013
- Claude Domeizel – Senator: 1998-present
- Hélène Masson-Maret – Senator: 2013-present
Diplomatic service
- Princess Bajrakitiyabha – Ambassador of the Kingdom of Thailand to the Republic of Austria : 2012-2014 [170]
- Gilles-Henry Garault – French Ambassador to the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal : 2007-2010
- Jeane Kirkpatrick – United States Ambassador to the United Nations : 1981-1985 [171]
Lawyers, judges, and legal academics
- Sami A. Aldeeb – Head of the Arab and Islamic Law Department at the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law , and Director of the Arab and Islamic Law Center [172]
- Harry Blackmun – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : 1970-1994 [173] [174]
- Jay Bybee – Federal Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit : 2003-present [175]
- Mirjan Damaška – Sterling Professor emeritus at Yale Law School
- René David – Chair of Comparative Law at the University of Paris
- Louis Favoreu – French academic and jurist
- Barry E. Friedman – American academic with an expertise in federal courts, working at the intersections of law, politics and history
- Giorgio Gaja – Judge of the International Court of Justice (ICJ): 2011-present [176]
- Alon Harel – The Phillip P. Mizock & Estelle Mizock Chair in Administrative and Criminal Law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. – Trustee Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School , Thomas E. Miller Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of California’s Hastings College of Law , and Sterling Professor Emeritus of Law at Yale Law School [177]
- Ayşe Işıl Karakaş – Turkish academic, judge of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) [178]
- Peter Lindseth – The Olimpiad S. Ioffe Professor of International and Comparative Law and the Director of International Programs at the University of Connecticut School of Law [179]
- Ejan Mackaay – Professor of Law at the University of Montreal
- John F. Murphy – American lawyer and a professor at Villanova University
- John L. Murray – Chief Justice of Ireland : 2004-2011; Judge of the Supreme Court of Ireland : 1999-present; Judge of the European Court of Justice (ECJ): 1992-1999; Attorney General of Ireland : 1982 / 1987-1991 [180]
- Francesco Parisi – The Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly Professor of Law at the University of Minnesota Law School
- Raymond Ranjeva – Member of the International Court of Justice (ICJ): 1991-2009; Vice-President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ): 2003-2006 [181]
- Hjalte Rasmussen – Professor of Law at the University of Copenhagen
- Michel Rosenfeld – Justice Sydney L. Robins Professor of Human Rights, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law , Yeshiva University [182]
- Francisco Rubio Llorente – Judge of the Constitutional Court of Spain : 1980-1992; Vice President of the Constitutional Court of Spain: 1989-1992; President of the Spanish Council of State : 2004-2012
- Eli Salzberger – Law Professor at the University of Haifa Faculty of Law
- Antonin Scalia – Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court : 1986-2016 [183] [184]
- Bernhard Schlink – German jurist and writer
- Ronald Sokol – American lawyer and writer
- Alec Stone Sweet – Leitner Professor of Law, Politics and International Studies at Yale Law School [185]
- Symeon C. Symeonides – Dean of the Willamette University College of Law [186]
- Michael Tigar – American Criminal Defense Attorney
Arts, literature, humanities, and entertainment
Historians
- François Victor Alphonse Aulard – Professor of the History of the French Revolution at Sorbonne University
- Gabriel Camps – French historian
- Georges Duby – French historian, member of the French Academy
- Georges Foucart – French historian and Egyptologist
- Douglas Johnson – British historian, an advisor to the train British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher were all matters concernant France
- Nora Lafi – French historian
- Paolo Malanima – Italian economic historian
- George E. Mowry – American historian Focusing Primarily on the Progressive Era , professor at UCLA and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Jean-Rémy Palanque – Professor of Ancient History , Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres
- Serge Ricard – Professor of American Civilization at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle
- Theodore Eugene César Ruyssen – French historian, President of the Peace Through Law Association
- Rafał Taubenschlag – Polish historian of law, a specialist in Roman law and papyrology
- Paul Veyne – French historian and archaeologist
- Catherine Virlouvet – Historian, a professor of economic and social history of ancient Rome
- Arundhati Virmani – Indian historian
- Jules Sylvain Zeller – French historian, lecturer at Sorbonne University , member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences [40]
Journalism
- Mazarine Pingeot – French journalist, writer and professor, President of France , François Mitterrand [187]
- Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol – French journalist and essayist, member of the French Academy
Literature
- Yves Bonnefoy – French poet and essayist
- Paule Constant – French novelist
- Louis O. Coxe – American poet, playwright, essayist, and professor
- Frieda Ekotto – Francophone African novelist and literary critic, professor of Afro-American and African Studies and Comparative Literature at the University of Michigan
- Henri Fluchère – chairman of the French Shakespeare Society and a literary critic
- Raymond Jean – French writer
- François Ricard – Canadian writer, professor of French literature at McGill University
- Émile Ripert – French academic, poet, novelist and playwright
- Urbano Tavares Rodrigues – Portuguese professor of literature, a literary critic and a fiction writer
- Affonso Romano of Sant’Anna – Brazilian poet, essayist, and professor
- Roselyne Sibille – French poet
- William E. Wilson – American writer
Music
- André Bon – French composer
- André Boucourechliev – French composer
- Barry Conyngham – Australian composer and academic
- Jean-Claude Risset – French composer
Scientists and academics
- Jean-Claude Abric – professor in social psychology [188]
- Giulio Angioni – Italian writer and anthropologist, professor at the University of Cagliari , fellow of St Antony’s College of the University of Oxford
- Nicolas Maurice Arthus – French immunologist and physiologist
- Anthony Barnes Atkinson – Fellow of the British Academy , a Senior Research Fellow of the Nuffield College of the University of Oxford and the Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics(LSE) [189]
- Sydney Hervé Aufrère – French Egyptologist, archaeologist, and director of research at CNRS
- Philip Augustine – Indian gastroenterologist , specialist in gastrointestinal endoscopy
- Henri Bacry – visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study at CERN
- Patrick Baert – Belgian sociologist and social theorist, reader in Social Theory at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge [190]
- René Baillaud – French astronomer
- Ugo Bardi – Professor in Physical Chemistry at the University of Florence
- Eugène Benoist – French classical philologist, member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres
- Reinhold Bertlmann – Austrian physicist, professor of physics at the University of Vienna
- Eugenio Bianchi – Italian theoretical physicist
- Danielle Bleitrach – French sociologist
- Maurice Blondel – French philosopher
- David E. Bloom – The Chair of Harvard University’s Department of Global Health and Population, Professor of Economics and Demography at the Harvard School of Public Health , and Director of the Global Demography of Aging Program [189]
- Jean Bosler – French astronomer
- Svetlana Broz – Bosnian-Serbian author and physician, the granddaughter of the 1st President of Yugoslavia , Josip Broz Tito
- Henri Buisson – French physicist
- François Burgat – French Political Scientist and Arabist , Senior Research Fellow at the French National Center for Scientific Research , and the Head of the French Institute of the Near East
- Jean Cabannes – French physicist
- Christian Cambillau – French scientist at the CNRS in Structural Biology
- Forrest Capie – Professor Emeritus of Economic History at Cass Business School , City University London
- Carlo Carraro – President of the University of Venice , Director of the Sustainable Development Program of the Eni Enrico Mattei Foundation, and Director of the Climate Impact and Policy Division of the Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change (CMCC)
- Maurice Caullery – French biologist, lecturer at Sorbonne University
- Jean Chacornac – French astronomer
- Jérôme Eugène Coggia – French astronomer
- Alain Colmerauer – French computer scientist and the creator of the logic programming language Prolog
- Henri Coquand – French geologist and paleontologist
- Pablo Cottenot – French astronomer
- Brian Lee Crowley – Managing Director of the Macdonald-Laurier Institute , and the founding President of the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies (AIMS)
- Boris Cyrulnik – French PhD, Ethologist, Neurologist and Psychiatrist
- Jacques Daviel – French ophthalmologist , oculist to Louis XV of France , Fellow of the Royal Society , and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
- Christie Davies – British sociologist, professor emeritus of sociology at the University of Reading [191]
- Rajeev Dehejia – Professor of Public Policy in the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University
- Charles Depéret – French geologist and paleontologist, member of the French Academy of Sciences and the Geological Society of France
- August Alphonse Derbes – French naturalist, zoologist and botanist
- Jean Dufay – French astronomer , member of the French Academy of Sciences
- Jean-Yves Empereur – French archeologist and egyptologist
- Roger Establet – French scholar of the sociology of education
- Honore Fabri – French Jesuit theologian, mathematician, physicist and controversialist
- Charles Fabry – Professor of General Physics at Sorbonne University and École Polytechnique , co-discoverer of the ozone layer [192]
- Charles Fehrenbach – French astronomer , member of the French Academy of Sciences , and Director of the Haute Provence Observatory (OHP)
- John F. Forester – American planning theorist with a particular emphasis on participatory planning , Chair of the Department of City Planning and Regional Planning at Cornell University [193]
- Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart – French astronomer
- Jean-Yves Girard – French logician
- Louis Godart – the chair of philology at the University of Naples Federico II
- Lucien Golvin – French university professor who specialized in the study of art from the peoples of the Maghreb
- Gérard Granel – French philosopher and translator
- Gilles-Gaston Granger – French analytic philosopher
- Pierre Gros – contemporary scholar of ancient Roman architecture and the Latin language
- Maurice Gross – French linguist and scholar of Romance languages
- Gene Grossman – the Jacob Viner Professor of International Economics at Princeton University [194]
- Alex Grossmann – Croatian-French physicist
- Rudolf Haag – German physicist
- Bernard Harcourt – the chair of the Political Science Department, professor of political science and the Julius Kreeger Professor of Law at the University of Chicago [195]
- Edouard Marie Heckel – French botanist and medical doctor, EM Heckel Botanical Garden , and founder of the Colonial Institute and Museum of Marseille
- Isao Imai – Japanese theoretical physicist
- Charles Joret – French literary historian, philologist and botanical author
- Henri Lucien Jumelle – French botanist
- Daniel Kastler – French theoretical physicist
- Joseph J. Katz – American Chemist at Argonne National Laboratory , Member of the US National Academy of Science
- Antoine Émile Henry Labeyrie – French astronomer
- Deepak Lal – The James S. Coleman Professor of International Development Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
- Antonio Lanzavecchia – Italian immunologist
- Lucien Laubier – French oceanographer
- Jean-Louis Le Moigne – French specialist on systems theory and constructivist epistemology
- Leigh Lisker – American linguist and phonetician
- Carlo Lottieri – Political Philosophy Professor
- John Loughlin – Director of the Von Hügel Institute , and Senior Fellow and Affiliate Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge [196]
- Henry de Lumley – French archeologist, geologist and prehistorian
- John L. Lumley – Professor emeritus, Graduate Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University
- Roger Malina – physicist , astronomer , Executive Editor of Leonardo Publications at the MIT Press
- Antoine Fortuné Marion – French naturalist
- Audier Marius – the founder of the Institute of Social Gerontology ( Social Gerontology Institute )
- Octave Merlier – expert on the Modern Greek language
- Antoine Mérindol – French physician, doctor to Louis XIII of France
- Georges Mounin – French linguist, translator and semiotician
- Gunasekaran Paramasamy – Vice Chancellor of Thiruvalluvar University
- Jules Payot – French educationist
- Jean-Pierre Petit – French scientist, senior researcher at the National Center for Scientific Research ( CNRS ) as an astrophysicist in Marseille Observatory
- Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt – Polish-Lithuanian Jesuit Astronomer and Mathematician, Rector of Vilnius University
- Jean-Louis Pons – French astronomer
- Didier Raoult – French biology researcher
- Charles Rostaing – French linguist specializing in toponymy
- Carlo Rovelli – Italian physicist
- Evry Schatzman – French astrophysicist
- Mark Seidenberg – Hilldale and Donald O. Hebb Professor of Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a senior scientist at Haskins Laboratories
- Samah Selim – Egyptian scholar and translator of Arabic literature
- Bernard Sellato – Director of the Institute for Research on Southeast Asia
- Étienne Souriau – French philosopher, member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences
- Paul Souriau – French philosopher
- William H. Starbuck – organizational scientist who held professorships in social relations ( Johns Hopkins University ), sociology ( Cornell University ), business administration ( University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee ), and management ( New York University ) [197]
- Édouard Stephan – French astronomer
- Nikola Stoyanov – Bulgarian scientist, economist and financier
- Eero Tarasti – Finnish musicologist and semiologist
- Wilhelm Tempel – German astronomer
- Jose L. Torero – professor in fire safety engineering at the University of Edinburgh
- Nicolas Tournadre – professor specializing in morphosyntax and typology , member of the LACITO lab of the CNRS
- Benjamin Valz – French astronomer
- Philippe Van Parijs – Belgian philosopher and political economist
- Jean Varenne – French Indologist
- Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière – French scientist
- John Waterbury – American academic, professor of politics and international affairs at Princeton University ‘s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs [198]
- Margaret Weitz – emeritus professor at Suffolk University
- Dan Werthimer – co-founder and chief scientist of the SETI @ home project
- Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński – Polish philosopher
- Francisco José Ynduráin – Spanish theoretical physicist
- Andrey Zaliznyak – Russian linguist
- Christoph Zürcher – Professor of Political Science at the Free University of Berlin
Business and economics
- Georges Anderla – French economist
- Bruce Caldwell – Research Professor of Economics at Duke University , and Director of the Center for the History of Political Economy
- Jean-Pierre Danthine – Swiss-Belgian Economist, Vice President of the Swiss National Bank
- Lars Feld – Director of the Walter Eucken Institute , professor for Economic Policy at the University of Freiburg , and member of the German Council of Economic Experts
- Garance Genicot – Associate Professor of Economics at Georgetown University
- Rick Gilmore – President / CEO of GIC Trade, Inc. (the GIC Group), Special External Advisor to the White House / USAID for the Private Sector / Global Food Security and Managing Director of the Global Food Safety Forum (GFSF) in Beijing [ 199]
- Victor Ginsburgh – Belgian economist
- Sanjeev Goyal – Indian economist, professor of economics at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge
- Richard Lyons – 14th Dean of the Haas School of Business , University of California, Berkeley [200]
- Angus Maddison – British economist, emeritus professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Groningen
- Gérard Mestrallet – Chairman and CEO of GDF Suez , and Chairman of Suez Environnement
- Henry Mintzberg , OC OQ FRSC – academic and author on business and management, the Cleghorn Professor of Management Studies at the Desautels Faculty of Management of McGill University
- Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay – Indian economist
- Nikolay Nenovsky – Bulgarian economist
- Pierre Pestieau – Belgian economist
- George Selgin – Director of the Cato Institute for the Monetary and Financial Alternatives, Professor Emeritus of Economics at the Terry College of Business and the University of Georgia , and Associate Editor of Econ Journal Watch
- Mark P. Taylor – The Dean of Warwick Business School (WBS) at the University of Warwick and an academic in the fields of International Finance and Economics [201]
- Paul Tiffany – Senior Lecturer at the Haas School of Business , University of California, Berkeley
- Lawrence H. White – American economics professor at George Mason University
- Myrna Wooders – Canadian economist, professor of economics at Vanderbilt University and the University of Warwick
Mathematics
- Sergio Albeverio – Swiss mathematician working in the field of differential equations and mathematical physics
- Peter Balazs – Austrian mathematician working at the Acoustics Research Institute Vienna of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
- Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat – French mathematician and physicist, who was first elected to the French Academy of Sciences
- Joachim Cuntz – German mathematician, fellow of the American Mathematical Society
- Roland Fraïssé – French mathematical logician
- John H. Hubbard – American Mathematician, Professor at Cornell University
- Henri Padé – French mathematician, known for his development of approximation techniques for functions using rational functions
- Étienne Pardoux – French mathematician working in the field of Stochastic analysis , in particular Stochastic partial differential equations
- Olivier Ramaré – French mathematician
- Nicolas Sarrabat – French mathematician and scientist, the son of the painter Daniel Sarrabat
- Jean-Marie Souriau – French mathematician, known for works in symplectic geometry
- Masamichi Takesaki – Japanese mathematician, professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and fellow of the American Mathematical Society
- David Trotman – British mathematician, leading expert in an area of singularity theory known as the theory of stratifications
- André Weil – French mathematician, Known For His foundational work in number theory and algebraic geometry
Miscellaneous
- Robert Chaudenson – French linguist, specialist in creole languages
- Alain Colmerauer – French computer scientist
- Jean-François Delmas – French librarian, chief curator of the Inguimbertine Library and the Museums of Carpentras
- Michel Duc-Goninaz – member of the World Esperanto Youth Organization (TEJO), and co-editor of La Folieto
- Roger Duchêne – French biographer specializing in the letters of Madame de Sévigné
- Leonard Liggio – classical liberal author, research professor of law at George Mason University , and executive vice president of the Atlas Economic Research Foundation in Fairfax , Virginia
- Tuncer Őren – Turkish / Canadian Systems Engineer, Professor emeritus of Computer Science at the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science of the University of Ottawa
- Rascas of Bagarris – founder of the science of historical numismatics and one of the most notable antiquaries of his time
- Willy Ronis – French photographer